Францисканський кадастр на Буковині: історія та актуальність використання

Abstract

Історичні та архівні джерела набувають важливого значення в дослідженнях земельного фонду європейських регіонів. Францисканський кадастр ХІХ ст. – одне з найвикористовуваніших історичних джерел Центральної Європи. Його детальність та точність, яка мала на меті визначення та представлення реальних площ оподатковуваних та неоподатковуваних земель кожної коронної земель, одержує практичну цінність і через століття. Матеріали кадастрових обстежень Францисканського кадастру за умови врахування особливостей застосування методології в кожному із регіонів надають достовірний і різноманітний матеріал для наукових досліджень.

Archival cadastral maps still have significant potential and are used for many purposes, including research into the social and economic circumstances of changes and reconstruction of land use. Land use is a kind of landscape indicator, as it reflects the close connection between humans and nature and at the same time has a strong and clearly defined temporal dimension. A better understanding of the current situation requires knowledge of the past landscape, as the current landscape largely reflects its historical appearance, which is particularly noticeable in the field of land use. Such information allows scientists to research and extrapolate the data necessary to assess past environmental conditions closely related to changes in land use. Like any historical source, the Franciscan cadastre is not without subjective shortcomings, which, when taken into account during spatial analysis, can increase the reliability of the results. In particular, the methodology, including the map legend, was not uniform across the entire territory of the Empire, and regional differences should be taken into account. There were some differences between the categorisation of land use in the 19th century and the categorisation of land use in the 21st century. The aim of the study is to analyse the materials of the Franciscan cadastre within the territory of Bukovina (as one of the historical sources of data) in terms of detail, accuracy and completeness of information. The history of the Franciscan cadastre is presented. Methodological features of geodetic and cadastral work are described. The peculiarities of mapping cadastral objects are revealed. Factors that influenced the accuracy of the work are identified. As one of the results of the Franciscan cadastre, the structure of the land fund of Bukovina is presented. The Franciscan cadastre was a successful attempt to integrate the countries of Central Europe, which around 1800 were in the process of transitioning from an estate-based society to a national society, into a single space with uniform legislation on land valuation (land use assessment) and a tax system. The cadastral information contained in the maps and registers, which were created in strict compliance with quality standards for large parts of Europe, offers a unique and comprehensive representation of knowledge about the space. In addition to historical reconstructions, this is important for the search for and preservation of historical and cultural heritage sites.